The Association Between Tb And Tobacco Epidemic Essay

1.3 Association between TB and Tobacco epidemic Since 1918, high prevalence of tobacco use has been identified as a risk factor for tuberculosis. (Webb G. B., 1918) It was much debated later and only recently the association has been given widespread attention by undertaking different kind of studies. Many studies have confirmed exposure to tobacco smoke as one of the risk factor for TB outcomes, after taking in to consideration, other confounder risk factors like socioeconomic status, alcohol use etc. 1.3.1 Exposure to tobacco smoke and TB Developing tuberculosis disease involves two distinct transitions- first, from being exposed to being infected and second, from being infected to developing the disease. Recent studies have found links between smoking and many aspects of tuberculosis like, 1) Regular tobacco smoking doubles the risk that people who have been successfully treated for TB will develop TB again - a condition known as â€Å"recurrent† TB. 2) Smoking and exposure to second-hand smoke are significantly associated with tuberculosis disease. 3) Smoking is significantly associated with tuberculosis infection. The number of cigarettes smoked and the duration of smoking may also influence the risk of infection. 4) Exposure to second-hand smoke is significantly associated with tuberculosis infection in children and young people. 5) Smoking is associated with recurrent tuberculosis disease. 6) Smoking is associated with tuberculosis mortality. (International UnionShow MoreRelatedThe Causes Of The BCG Interventions1223 Words   |  5 Pages Factors behind the second paradox The biggest difference between Japan and the low TB incidence countries for the interventions for children is to use the BCG vaccination as a routine (Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare, 2016). BCG is the only vaccination against TB (British Medical Association , 2013). It stands for Bacilli Calmette-Guerin which is named after two French researchers who developed this vaccine. The first administration was in Paris in 1921 and then BCG was accepted in EuropeRead MoreTuberculosis : An Airborne Infectious Disease1547 Words   |  7 PagesI. Public Health Problem Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne infectious disease generally caused by the bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) [1]. The United States’ number and rate of new tuberculosis cases has kept declining since the TB reemergence in 1992, however, there is a slight increase in the number and the rate of new TB cases, 1.7% and 0.9%, respectively, in 2015 with a total of 9,563 new cases and a rate of 3.0 cases per 100,000 population compares to 2014 [2]. TuberculosisRead MoreCommunity Health Nursing Final Exam Study Guide Essay15874 Words   |  64 Pagescirculation. Hypertension- exacerbated by high rates of alcohol abuse and the high sodium content of foods served in fast-food restaurants, shelters, and other meal sites. Diabetes nutritional deficits Respiratory infections COPD Tuberculosis (TB) HIV/AIDS- prevalence of HIV in the homeless is estimated to be at least double that found in the general population. Use of intravenous drugs and the risk for sexual assault are other factors. Homeless persons with AIDS develop more virulent formsRead MoreSmoking Cessation Of Pregnancy : Review Of Current Strategies9414 Words   |  38 Pagessmoking during pregnancy It is estimated that more than 1.1 billion people smoked cigarettes world-wide in 2015 [1]and almost 176 million adult females are active daily smokers [2]. According to World Health Organisation, the average prevalence of any tobacco smoking amongst females aged 15 years or older in 2015 was 13.1% in Australia, 18.4% in United Kingdom, 15% in United States of America (USA), 11.3% in Brazil,10.6% in Japan and 12.2% in Canada [1]. The prevalence of smoking during pregnancy variesRead More‚Äà ºa Contemporary View on Health Care System in Bangladesh.‚Äà ¹14806 Words   |  60 Pagesindependent and sovereign country in 1971 following a nine months war of liberation. The country is one of the largest deltas of the world with a total area of 147,570 sq km. Being a low-lying country it stretches latitudinal between 20 º34 and 26 º38 north and longitudinally between 88 º01 and 92 º41 east. It is mostly surrounded by Indian Territory (West Bengal, Tripura, A ssam and Meghalaya), except for a small strip in the southeast by Myanmar. Bay of Bengal lies on the south. The standard timeRead MoreNanotech 1AC Essay13565 Words   |  55 Pagessame vein, Argentina and Brazil do not have a program to discuss the implications and risks of nanotechnology, or a plan to supervise the activities related to nanotechnology research and development. In this regard, it is clear that the distance between Latin America and its European and North American counterparts is expanding. Due to the absence of a National Nanotechnology Initiative, Mà ©xico has turned its attention to different research centers in search for bilateral or multilateral agreementsRead MoreCommunity Acquired Pneumonia18251 Words   |  74 Pageswould fit to the client s condition. The researcher was able to plan possible nursing interventions that could help to promote high level of wellness of the client. The study was done through a face to face contact and assessment of the patien t in between the time of 1400H to 2200H on November 29, 2012- December 1, 2012 at the 7th Floor (rear) of a certain tertiary hospital in Makati City. Information was collected through the patient’s medical record, interview with the patient, observation, physical

Administrative Ethics - Paper - 1008 Words

Administrative Ethics Protecting the privacy of patient’s health information is a main concern among health care providers today. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 known as HIPAA was approved by law to safeguard not only patients but also health care workers. However, sometimes people tend to violate these laws unintentionally or sometimes intentionally. According to an article from the Department of Health and Human Service website (2011), HHS imposes a $4.3 million civil money penalty for violating HIPAA privacy rules on Cignet Health (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2011). This paper will elaborate on the violation issue of Cignet Health and the population it affects most, the ethical and†¦show more content†¦In the boxes were records for the 41 patients plus 4,500 other patient’s. Cignet should not have given up those records because those other patients were not part of the investigation. Another solution to this issue is for health c are organizations to follow the rules that are enforced regarding patient privacy. It is the organizations duty to ensure that patient’s health information is safeguarded and that rules are followed regarding patients rights to obtaining a copy of his or her medical information. As stated in the article, Department of Health and Human Services is serious about enforcing the rights of individuals who is guaranteed by the privacy rules of HIPAA. In conclusion, HIPAA Laws are put in place for a reason, to provide protection of pertinent health information of patients. Additionally, the law also states that health care providers are to furnish a copy of medical health records to patients upon request. Violating the HIPAA Law has some serious consequences, as is the case with Cignet Health. Cignet Health was the first health care organization to have a Civil Money Penalty or CMP in the amount of $4.3 million for violating HIPAA Laws. 41 patient’s affiliated with Cignet Health made a request to obtain his or her medical records. The organization failed to meet those requests within a specific time frame that prompted the patients to file a complaint with Department of Health and Human Services. Upon investigation, CignetShow MoreRelatedAdministrative Ethics Paper (Hcs-335)1063 Words   |  5 PagesAdministrative Ethics Paper HCS-335 Week 4/ day 7 There are many issues that may arise concerning patient privacy. Years ago it was not a pacific law protecting patient rights and privacy. In august of 1996, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA) were signed into law by President Bill Clinton (Physicians Billing Associates International, 2006). The HIPPA Act includes provisions for: †¢ Health insurance portability †¢ Fraud and abuse control Read MoreAdministrative Ethics Paper Hcs/3351052 Words   |  5 PagesAdministrative Ethics Paper HCS/335 November 5, 2012 Administrative Ethics Paper In today’s world of technology patient’s face an ever challenging issue of protecting their privacy. One of the biggest areas infringing on a patient’s privacy would be the prescription health information that is being released by pharmacists and the way in which that information is used. Information is given to a wide variety of entities and to individuals, which raises enormous concern about the privacy rightsRead MoreHipaa1174 Words   |  5 PagesAdministrative Ethics- HIPAA HCS/335- Health Care Ethics and Social Responsibility Ruth Bundy September 26, 2011 The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, or HIPAA was introduced to the House of Representative in 1996. 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Thereafter, its financial fraud became surfaced. On June 28th, Xerox Corporation in accordance with the requirements of the settlement

Supply Chain StrategiesManagement

Question: You are required to prepare a report of 1500 words that addresses the following points: 1. Discuss how a company could improve its financial and non financial performance by engaging in the strategic management of its supply chain processes.2. Discuss how vulnerability to supply chain disruption could be effectively managed within the company supply chain. Answer: Executive summary: Supply chain management is the process of the flow materials, finances and information while they go along the process from suppliers to manufacturers and from wholesalers to retailers to consumers. Supply chain management integrates and coordinates this flow both among and within the companies. The most important task of a scm is of reduction of the inventory. Supply chain management process have been subdivided into main three parts i.e. the information flow the product flow, and the finances flow. The product flow involves the movement of materials from a supplier to the customer. The information flow possesses processing orders and upgrading the delivery status. The financial flow includes payment schedules, credit terms, and consignment and ownership title arrangements. Introduction: Business organizations mainly capitalize on supply chain capacities and resources to bring the products and services in the market in a much quicker process at the lowest possible cost. Measuring supply chain performance can manage a greater knowing of the supply chain and improve its performance overall. Companies have found out that that for competing in a pressurized environment, it is necessary to estimate and monitor firm performances. Many types of perspectives of supply chain performance measures (scpm) are non cost perspective and cost perspective (Borgstrm Hertz, 2011). An efficient and performing supply chain helps a business save money. This in turn reduces spoilage and decaying, companies that practice supply chain process report outstanding cycle time and cost reduction, for example, Wal-Mart stores inc. announced doubling of inventory turnarounds. An important subject of supply chain management is to view the processes, people and facilities network that collects mater ials that is raw and transform them into products that are ready to use and finally send it to the end users as a chain which is acknowledged. (Eig, Hofmann, Stolzle,2013). Improvement of financial performance by strategic management of SCM: To reduce operational in efficiencies and improve customer satisfaction many companies initially focus on supply chain management. The visibility and control on the supply chain improves as a result, which in turn leads to better financial performance. The companys competitive capability improves because of supply chain management. Globally, the companies are competing against each other as a part of the supply chain and not individually. The task of every company is to ensure how to cut costs, improve quality and operate effectively through supply chain management (Kang Kim, 2010). The economies of china and some other countries are booming right now as a result, many companies have started sourcing in such countries. Supplier performance is closely linked to cost and benefit. VElda b.v. wants to have Good quality products with low cost as a result they have sourced half of their products in china. The scm functio ns impact the financial performance, identification of business process and find out ways of improve the business processes that will help to improve both scm and financial performance. The main question is what to improve in supply chain process to get maximum financial performance. To improve financial management the reduction of spreadsheets are necessary. Many enterprises plan their purchasing using unreliable spreadsheets. To be sure that the companies are using accurate information, they should be moving up in an affordable supply chain platform. The principal at the Hackett Group says that the procurement organization should play a vital role by becoming more as a process enabler and by looking for more opportunities by leveraging the capacities of the suppliers and improving current processes. Supply chain management is a complex process. The main approach is to understand the logistics function and identification of those areas which have the capacity to affect revenue in t he greater way. The council of supply chain management professionals (CSCMP) has defined logistics management as containing outbound and inbound management of transportation, warehousing, order fulfillment, inventory arrangement, fleet management, and supply demand planning. Approximately 9% of sales, 50% of transportation costs make up logistics costs. Transportation poses to be the largest among the logistics costs in supply chain management, so improvement in the transportation activities could leverage the financial management in scm (Konur,2013). Revenue growth is one of the most important aspects of scm which remains in the minds of the topmost executives and it is directly impacted by the scm. The relation shared by transportation and revenue growth goes beyond just the delivery of the products to the end users. A good transportation system is important not only for delivering perishable goods and raw materials but also goods with short life span. The ability to meet market demand, lead time and the ability to meet market demand and sales everything have impact on revenue growth. This is all affected by the companys assurance to the customers that the shipment will be delivered to them at the right time, at the right place and in a good condition (Nikabadi Zamanloo,2012). Improvement of non financial performance by strategic management of SCM: Although financial performance is the most important criteria for all companies there are many non financial aspects too which need careful attention. Such non financial indicators are market share, innovation performance etc. which also needs evaluation in order to assess their impact on scm. The long term objectives of scm are to integrate supply chain for all members and increase market share also. Higher market share might be characterized by use of better product quality and efficient use of chain resources. For reduction of the number of transactions it is profitable to work with fewer suppliers. Strategic planning is required to enhance coordination among various groups in the company through sharing and information retrieval. The departmental barriers are reduced through the practice of such scm processes. In a well coordinated organization good relationship between suppliers and customers are maintained. to improve coordination with suppliers good relationship should be maintained ,keeping few suppliers at bay is necessary and also the practice of e procurement, technology, product ,process innovations is better achieved through coordination with fewer suppliers. The ordering process could be categorized properly with the use of e procurement (Scm.ncsu.edu,2015). Finally coordination with customers is of utmost importance which could only be achieved through close partnerships. The orders given by the customers should be clarified and negotiated properly to avoid design and order changes in the later stages. Management of vulnerability of supply chain disruptions: the normal flow of materials and goods are disturbed by the disruptions in scm. This in turn exposes the companies to financial and operational risks from time to time catastrophes disrupt the supply chain processes. Mitigation of these catastrophes that disrupt scm are difficult because of the serious nature of the catastrophes. Current supply chain practices have been identified that have increased the vulnerability. Thus it has been proposed that to avoid vulnerability in supply chains strategies such as providing advance warning, coping up, and surviving should be implemented. Well developed strategies could be better in mitigating such vulnerabilities. The common business practices that contribute to supply chain vulnerabilities are Globalization, Decentralization, outsourcing, reduced number of suppliers etc. Advance warning strategies: An advanced warning strategy can give enough time to the companies to take necessary precautions in order to mitigate the disruption effects. If it is forecasted that a natural calamity is going to happen then scm process gets enough time to channelize their supply chain in such a way to reduce disruption (Tandler, 2013). Coping strategies: These strategies are flexible in nature and it produces many options of alternatives in case any vulnerability occurs. Extra resources should be kept apart in redundancy process. Flexibility can avoid risks. Transportation flexibility: Supply chains should use air, sea and ground transportation to avoid vulnerability. For companies who have suppliers outside U.S. other transportation methods are more important. It is advisable to keep backups for components that are critical in nature that can be kept with small amount of investment. Insurance against other risks: many supply chain processes such as transport, labor, facilities, supplies, can be insured against accidents, natural calamities and theft. Some of such coverages involve loss of expenses, extra costs, assets and profits because of damage to property and physical loss. Conclusion: Supply chain management is the whole process of the flow materials information and finances as they go along the process from suppliers to manufacturers and then from wholesalers to retailers to end users. Across the world supply chain management is applied due to its useful functions such as improved financial performance, delivery time reduction and satisfaction of the customer. Due to its systemic impact and global nature on the firms financial performance, the supply chain unjustifiably faces a lot of risks than other areas of the company. Risk is an integrated part of supply chain management. But respite of that it attracts very less attention than it deserves from a very wide range of companies. Reflection: the supply chain management has become more complicated with the enlargement of the company and its range of products. It is a very pressurized job for the supply chain executives to find more developed customer centric supply chains and find different innovative ways to reduce cost. Organizations must think of preparing for the rebounding while responding to the conditions of the labor pool, deflation and issues surrounding energy and sustainability. Studies show that those companies achieve great advantages who are striving for environmental sustainability. As a core competent of their supply chain Strategy Company should include sustainability. The supply chain managers are always thinking of ways to respond to changes, increase profitability and expand rapidly. References: Borgstrm, B., Hertz, S. (2011). Supply Chain Strategies: Changes in Customer Order-Based Production.Journal Of Business Logistics,32(4), 361-373. doi:10.1111/j.0000-0000.2011.01031.x Eig, M., Hofmann, E., Stolzle, W. (2013).Supply Chain Management. Munchen: Franz Vahlen. Kang, J., Kim, Y. (2010). Coordination of inventory and transportation managements in a two-level supply chain.International Journal Of Production Economics,123(1), 137-145. doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2009.07.008 Konur, D. (2013). A comment on Coordination of inventory and transportation managements in a two-level supply chain.International Journal Of Production Economics,141(1), 434. doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2012.06.019 Nikabadi, M., Zamanloo, S. (2012). A Multidimensional Structure for Describing the Influence of Supply Chain Strategies, Business Strategies, and Knowledge Management Strategies on Knowledge Sharing in Supply Chain.International Journal Of Knowledge Management,8(4), 50-70. doi:10.4018/jkm.2012100103 Scm.ncsu.edu,. (2015).What is Supply Chain Management? - SCM | Supply Chain Resource Cooperative (SCRC) | North Carolina State University. Retrieved 10 February 2015, from https://scm.ncsu.edu/scm-articles/article/what-is-supply-chain-management Tandler, S. (2013).Supply Chain Safety Management. Wiesbaden: Imprint: Springer Gabler.

Persuasive Essay Format

How to format a persuasive essay:Choose a topic and your position about it.Think of arguments youll use to prove your position.Create an outline: write down your thesis, arguments, and evidence.Write an introduction.Craft body paragraphs of your persuasive essay.Write a conclusion.Proofread and edit: consider word count, font, alignment.Persuasive, aka argumentative writing is all about logic and reasoning. When you write a persuasive essay, you need to choose arguments and evidence carefully so the audience would get impressed and ready to agree with your point of view. For that, do your best to format the information the right way.A persuasive essay format is not that difficult to follow. You choose a topic (an issue, a problem) and incorporate facts, examples, and logical reasons to explain your position on it. With a standard essay structure in mind, you can create a detailed argumentative essay outline and format your papers like a boss.Lets see how to do that.Persuasive Essay S tructurePersuasive writing is about research, analyzing, and critical thinking. You need to understand your topic and know your audience inside out so you could choose the best arguments to convince them of your position. With that in mind, you structure an essay in such a manner that it would cover the topic logically and consistently.How it looks:You start a persuasive essay with a topic and a thesis you are going to prove.Then you write a few paragraphs, each with a new argument and evidence to support your point of view.Also, you can write a paragraph with counterarguments from your opponents (if you have any), explaining why you still disagree with them.And finally, you finish formatting your essay with a conclusion. Here you restate the thesis again, summarize all the arguments, and leave your readers with food for thought.Its the only essay format to use if you want to make your paper persuasive enough and worth a high grade from a teacher.Persuasive Essay FormatMore specific ations for the format of your persuasive essay depend on a teachers requirements. Read the assignment carefully and pay attention to the details such as a word count, a font, and spacing as well as alignment.It would be a pity to get a low grade for an essay just because of the wrong formatting, wouldnt it?General requirements for essay formats are as follows:Word count: 500, 1500, or 2000.Font: Times New Roman, 12-point; a 16-point one goes for a title of your essay unless stated otherwise. Arial and Georgia fonts are okay to use for essay formatting, too.Spacing: double-spaced; 1.5 works too.Alignment: justified.Format your persuasive essay after its draft is ready. Concentrate on the topic and the arguments rather than fonts and spacing to use. Youll have time to proofread it later, check all the mistakes, and edit it accordingly.To make it easier, use a free essay outline template from . Feel free to download it and fill in every time you need to structure your assigned paper.[D ownload this template]This template will allow you to structure all the elements of a persuasive essay, with arguments and relevant evidence. Here you can include facts, examples, quotes, and statistics from the research. Thus youll have them all in one place to avoid distractions while writing.